Additional Resources
Additional Reading
Abraham B, Ahmed T, Ali T. Inflammatory bowel disease: pathophysiology and current therapeutic approaches. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2017;239:115-146.
Argollo M, Gilardi D, Peyrin-Biroulet C, et al. Comorbidities in inflammatory bowel disease: a call for action. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;4(8):643-654.
Bahler C, Schoepfer A, Vavricka S, et al. Chronic comorbidities associated with inflammatory bowel disease: prevalence and impact on healthcare costs in Switzerland. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;29(8):916-925.
Benson JM, Peritt D, Scallon BJ, et al. Discovery and mechanism of ustekinumab: a human monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin-12 and interleukin-23 for treatment of immune-mediated disorders. MAbs. 2011;3(6):535-545.
Coskun M, Salem M, Pedersen J, et al. Involvement of JAK/STAT signaling in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Pharmacol Res. 2013;76:1-8.
Dahlhamer JM, Zammitti EP, Ward BW, Wheaton AG, Croft JB. Prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease among adults aged ≥18 years — United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:1166-1169.
Danese S, Grisham M, Hodge J, et al. JAK inhibition using tofacitinib for inflammatory bowel disease treatment: a hub for multiple inflammatory cytokines. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2016;310:G155-G162.
Guan Q. J Immunol Res. A comprehensive review and update on the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. 2019;2019:7247238.
Harris C, Cummings JRF. JAK1 inhibition and inflammatory bowel disease. Rheumatol (Oxford). 2021;60(suppl 2):ii45-ii51.
Mahmud N, O’Connell MA, Stinson J, et al. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha and microalbuminuria in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1995;7(3):215-219.
McDowell C, Farooq U, Haseeb M. StatPearls [Internet]. Inflammatory bowel disease. May 1, 2022. https://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470312/.
Oo C, Kalbag S. Leveraging the attributes of biologics and small molecules, and releasing the bottlenecks: a new wave of revolution in drug development. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2016;9(6):747-749.
Pache I, Rogler G, Felley C. TNF-alpha blockers in inflammatory bowel diseases: practical consensus recommendations and a user’s guide. Swiss Med Wkly. 2009;139(19-20):278-287.
Rogler G, Biedermann L, Scharl M. New insights into the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease: microbiota, epigenetics and common signalling pathways. Swiss Med Wkly. 2018;148:w14599.
Sandborn WJ, Ghosh S, Panes J, et al. Efficacy of upadacitinib in a randomized trial of patients with active ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterol. 2020;158:2139-2149.
Sandborn WJ, Su C, Sands BE, et al. Tofacitinib as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:1723-36.
Sartor R. Mechanisms of disease: pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;3(7):390-407.
Vermeire S, Danese S, Zhou W, et al. OP23 efficacy and safety of upadacitinib as induction therapy in patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis: results from phase 3 U-ACCOMPLISH study. J Crohns Collitis. 2021;15(suppl 1):S021-S022.
Worledge KL, Godiska R, Barrett TA, et al. Oral administration of avian tumor necrosis factor antibodies effectively treats experimental colitis in rats. Dig Dis Sci. 2000;45(12):2298-2305.
Zhang Y, Li Y. Inflammatory bowel disease: pathogenesis. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(1):91-99.
Associations/Foundations
American College of Gastroenterology
American Gastroenterological Association
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation
World Gastroenterology Organization